(a)
(i) Aufbau principle states that "The electrons in an atom are so arranged that they occupy orbitals in the order of their increasing energies."
(ii) Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity states that "When more than one orbital of equal energies are present, then the electrons first occupy
(iii) The uncertainty principle states that “It is impossible to determine both the position and momentum of electron simultaneously with greater accuracy.”
(b) (i) The atomic spectrum Is a spectrum of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation emitted or absorbed during electron transition between energy levels within an atom.
(ii) Atomic spectrum is sometimes termed as the line spectrum and appears as a series of electromagnetic radiation of either emission/absorption characterised by varying colours separated by dark and bright gaps in between them on the contrary continuous spectrum
Is the one made of electromagnetic radiation of all possible frequencies over wide range of energies assuming no gaps between them.
(c) The wave length of the lines in the Balmer series of the hydrogen spectrum is given by the
expression 1/λ=RH(1/2²– 1/n²) where RH is a constant and n is an integer greater than 2.
(i) An energy level diagram showing the origin of the first and third lines in the Balmer series.
(ii) The wavelength,λ of the first line in 1.(c)(i) above is given by
The expression:
1/λ=RH(1/2²– 1/n²).
Since;
RH is a Rydberg constant= 1.097E7cm-¹.
And energy level at 1st line,n=3.
⇒1/λ=1.097E7(1/2²-1/3²).
λ= 1
1.097E7(1/2²-1/3²)
.:λ=6.563E-7cm.
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(i) Aufbau principle states that "The electrons in an atom are so arranged that they occupy orbitals in the order of their increasing energies."
(ii) Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity states that "When more than one orbital of equal energies are present, then the electrons first occupy
these orbitals separately with parallel spins. The pairing of electrons will only be after all the orbitals of a given sub-energy level are singly occupied."
(b) (i) The atomic spectrum Is a spectrum of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation emitted or absorbed during electron transition between energy levels within an atom.
(ii) Atomic spectrum is sometimes termed as the line spectrum and appears as a series of electromagnetic radiation of either emission/absorption characterised by varying colours separated by dark and bright gaps in between them on the contrary continuous spectrum
Is the one made of electromagnetic radiation of all possible frequencies over wide range of energies assuming no gaps between them.
(c) The wave length of the lines in the Balmer series of the hydrogen spectrum is given by the
expression 1/λ=RH(1/2²– 1/n²) where RH is a constant and n is an integer greater than 2.
(i) An energy level diagram showing the origin of the first and third lines in the Balmer series.
(ii) The wavelength,λ of the first line in 1.(c)(i) above is given by
The expression:
1/λ=RH(1/2²– 1/n²).
Since;
RH is a Rydberg constant= 1.097E7cm-¹.
And energy level at 1st line,n=3.
⇒1/λ=1.097E7(1/2²-1/3²).
λ= 1
1.097E7(1/2²-1/3²)
.:λ=6.563E-7cm.
Back/Next
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