Ground state:
Is lowest energetic state of an atom. It's the state where an electron is filled in the lowest possible energy level before filling the higher energy levels available.
The electrons are filled in atom in order of their increasing energy levels. This state make atom to be stable.
Excited state:
Is a state of an atom when electron is filled in the highest energy level before filling
lower energy levels available.
If the excited electron jumps to the extent that the nuclear attractive force act upon it, results pulling back of electron. On its way back to the ground state, releases all the amount of energy absorbed in the form of radiation.
RADIATION:
This is the energy causing glow of the emission tube. When the radiation strikes the
emission tube causes florescence of emission tube.
Convergent limit: Is that state of atom when an electron is removed completely from ground state to the infinite.
The convergent limit occurs as an atom gains sufficient energy resulting electrons to jump to the highest energy level where the nuclear attractive force cannot act up on it.
Such electron cannot return back to the ground state as the result the atom is left positively charged.
The convergent limit is a factor caused some electrons to move from cathode to anode.
These were streams of rays called cathode rays which were later named as electrons.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CONVERGENT LIMIT.
These include the following:-
• It resulted into discover of the ionization energy. This ionization energy used in the
inorganic section.
• It resulted into formation of ion particles. The ionic particle is more reactive when take part
during chemical reaction.
• It resulted into production of rays. These rays are known as atomic spectrum.
THOMSON MODEL OF THE ATOM
After the discovery of electrons and protons, the next question was to know how these particles were arranged in an atom.
Thus by J.J.Thomson in
1898 The first simple model of the atom was proposed.
The model is popularly known as the Thomson's "plum-pudding" model of the atom.
This model is like plum-
pudding dotted with raisins
See below,
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Is lowest energetic state of an atom. It's the state where an electron is filled in the lowest possible energy level before filling the higher energy levels available.
The electrons are filled in atom in order of their increasing energy levels. This state make atom to be stable.
Excited state:
Is a state of an atom when electron is filled in the highest energy level before filling
lower energy levels available.
If the excited electron jumps to the extent that the nuclear attractive force act upon it, results pulling back of electron. On its way back to the ground state, releases all the amount of energy absorbed in the form of radiation.
RADIATION:
This is the energy causing glow of the emission tube. When the radiation strikes the
emission tube causes florescence of emission tube.
Convergent limit: Is that state of atom when an electron is removed completely from ground state to the infinite.
The convergent limit occurs as an atom gains sufficient energy resulting electrons to jump to the highest energy level where the nuclear attractive force cannot act up on it.
Such electron cannot return back to the ground state as the result the atom is left positively charged.
The convergent limit is a factor caused some electrons to move from cathode to anode.
These were streams of rays called cathode rays which were later named as electrons.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CONVERGENT LIMIT.
These include the following:-
• It resulted into discover of the ionization energy. This ionization energy used in the
inorganic section.
• It resulted into formation of ion particles. The ionic particle is more reactive when take part
during chemical reaction.
• It resulted into production of rays. These rays are known as atomic spectrum.
THOMSON MODEL OF THE ATOM
After the discovery of electrons and protons, the next question was to know how these particles were arranged in an atom.
Thus by J.J.Thomson in
1898 The first simple model of the atom was proposed.
The model is popularly known as the Thomson's "plum-pudding" model of the atom.
Thomson considered an atom to be a sphere of (radius 10^(-10) or 10^(-8))uniform positivecharge into which the negatively charged electrons were embedded.
This model is like plum-
pudding dotted with raisins
See below,
figure 3:
This model of an atom could not explain many experimental facts. So, it was abandonedBack/Next
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